IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  institut  Canadian  de  microreproductfons  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


/ 


D 


D 


D 
D 


n 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag6e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


r    I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  lf> 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film4es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 


v/ 


D 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtos 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


BShowthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Qualitd  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmies  it  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film4  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

TtM  oopy  fllmad  har«  h«t  bMn  r«produo«d  thanks 
to  th«  o«n«rotity  of: 

Library  Dividon 

Provincial  Archival  of  British  Columbia 

TiM  ImagM  appotrlng  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poaalbia  conaMarlno  tha  condition  and  laglbllity 
of  tha  original  oopy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apaeiflcatlons. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covara  tn  filmad 
baginnlng  with  tha  front  covar  ond  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  lliustratad  Impras- 
slon.  or  tha  back  oovar  whan  approprlatr.  All 
othar  original  copiat  ara  filmad  baginnlng  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  Imprat- 
alon.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  pri.itad 
or  Illuatratad  Imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  saoh  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  ^^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appllas. 

IMaps.  platas.  charts,  ate,  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  be 
antiraly  ineiudad  In  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
beginning  in  tha  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaira  film*  f ut  reprodult  grice  i  ie 
g4n4ros*ti  da: 

Library  Divition 

Provincial  Archival  of  British  Columbia 

Lee  images  suhrantae  ont  4tA  raprodultes  avac  ie 
piua  grand  aoin.  compta  tenu  do  Ie  condition  et 
do  la  nattetA  da  renampieire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  controt  do 
flimage. 

Lee  OKemplelres  origineuN  dont  Ie  oouverture  en 
papier  est  ImprlmAe  eont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  termlnent  salt  par  la 
darnlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impression  ou  d'Hiustretlon.  soit  per  Ie  second 
plat,  salon  la  ces.  Tous  les  eutres  e»empleires 
orlglnauN  sont  fiimAs  en  commen^ent  par  la 
pramlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  emprelnte 
d'impression  cu  d'Hiustretlon  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
emprelnte. 

Un  des  symboiss  suivents  opperettre  sur  Is 
dernlAre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  ie 
cas:  ie  symbols  -^  signifie  "A  8UIVRE".  ie 
symbols  7  signifie  "FIN '. 

Les  certes.  pienches.  tebleeux.  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  ie  document  est  trop  grend  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seui  clichi.  il  est  filmA  A  pertir 
de  i'engle  supArieur  geuche.  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  heut  en  bas.  en  prenant  ie  nombre 
d'imeges  nAcesseire.  Les  diegremmes  suivents 
iiiustrent  ie  mAthode. 


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Republication  Office  removed  to  !Vo.  38  Wali^er  St.,  West  of 

Broadway. 

TERBISS.— For  Blackwood  or  any  of  tho  Reviews,  |H  a  year.  Blackwood  and  any  one  Review,  tT. 
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RE-PUBLICATION 


OF   THK 


London,  Edinburgh,  North  British,  and  Westminster 

QUARTERLY  REVIEWS. 


THE 


WESTMINSTER 

REVIEW. 

W  CLXX.-OCTOBER,  1866. 

AMERICAN  EDITION. 


NEW    YORK: 


THE  LEONARD  SCOTT  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  38  Walker  Street. 

AI,30    FOR    SALE    BY   THE    FOLLOWING    BOOKSELLERS  :  * 

The  Amp:rican  News  Co.,  N.Y.  ;   A.  Willl\ms  &  Co.,  Crosby  &  Nichols,  and  W. 
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Charl'^ston  ;  W.  T.  Williams,  Savannah  ;  Woodhouse  and  Parham.  Rich- 
mond and  Petersburg  ;  R.  Bell,  Alexandria,  Va.  ;  George  Ellis,  N.  0.; 
T.  S.  Hawks,  BulValo  ;  James  IVI.  Cuvweord,  St.  Louis  ;  W.  A.  Gildek- 
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Peterboro,  C.  W. 


*  SubMcribery  ordering  fi'om  Bookuellers  must  look  to  them  for  their  numbers. 


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I 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.    CLXX. 


F09 

OCTOBER,    1866. 


ABT. 


1^ 


1.  The  Irish  Church,  -  -  ... 

2.  The  Apostles.    By  Ernest  Renan,      ... 

3.  The  English  and  their  Origin,        -  - 

4.  The  Abbe  Lamennals  on  Dante,         -  - 

5.  The  Canadian  Confederation  and  the  Reciprocity  Treaty, 

6.  The  Dog  :    His  Intelligence,  • 

7.  Our  North  Pacific  Colonies, 

8.  The  Forest  of  Fontainebleau,  -  -        -  • 
Contemporary  Literature,         .... 


PAGE 

183 
146 
159 
lU 
184 
192 
199 
206 
215 


Peace  through  the  Truth,  by  the  Rev.  T.  Harper—  Catholic  Orthodoxy  and  Anglo-Catholicism, 
by  J.  J.  Overbeck — The  New  TeBtament  for  English  Readers,  by  Henry  Alford — Hunt's  Essay  on 
Pantheism — Bodichon  on  Humanity — Essays  on  International  Policy — Emily  Davies  on  the  Higher 
Education  of  Women — Views  and  Opinions  by  Matthew  Brown — Across  Mexico  in  1864-5,  by  W. 
H.  Bullock — Hawaii,  by  Manley  Hopkins— Hartiug  on  the  Microscope — The  Oberland  and  its 
Glaciers,  by  H.  B.  George — The  Lake  Dwellings  of  Switzerland,  by  Dr.  Ferdinand  Keller— Physio- 
logical Pathology  of  the  Nerves,  by  G.  Valentin— The  Decline  of  the  Roman  Republic,  by  George 
Long— Carl  Kichter  on  the  Political  and  Social  Law  of  the  French  Revolution— Harriet  Parr  on 
tt  e  Life  and  Death  of  Jeanne  d'Arc. 


1. 


2. 


■y.A^%-mim'^^^mi^'^^''^'^s^'^'^^-''^'> 


Me 

1806. 


FAOE 

183 

146 

159 

114 

184 

192 

199 

206 

215 

athoHciBm, 
B  Essay  on 
the  Higher 
B4-6,  by  W. 
md  and  its 
er— Physio- 
by  George 
let  Parr  on 


Our  North- Pacific  Colonies. 


109 


was  continued  until  the  year  1825,  when  the 
celebrated  lion  Nero  was  baited  at  Warwick, 
when  a  bulldog  named  Turk  exhibited  an 
amount  of  pluck  and  courage  which  led  even  tlie 
brutal  spectators  to  cry  out  "shame,"  and  in- 
sist upon  his  being  taken  from  the  lion.  The 
bulldog  indeed  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  pecu- 
liarly English  dog,  and  perhaps  as  the  most 
courageous  of  all  animals.  There  would  i"^  ^n\ 
to  be  nothing  which  ho  can  by  any  possibility 
interpret  into  an  enemy,  upon  which  he  will 
not  fly,  and  any  infusion  of  bull-blood  into 
another  strain  communicates  a  pertinacity  in 
following  out  its  particular  instincts  which  is 
not  attained  by  other  dogs  of  the  same  kind. 
The  true  bulldog,  therefore,  must  be  looked 
upon  as  a  reservoir  of  .staunchness,  but  the 
breed  has  considerably  degenei'ated  of  late 
years.  This,  however,  the  si)ortsman  must  en- 
dure with  patience,  for  it  is  certainly  better 
that  our  breeds  of  dogs  should  suffer  a  little 
deterioration  than  that  the  public  mind  should 
be  debased  by  such  exhibitions  as  occurred  in 
the  bull-ring  and  the  dog-pit. 

In  the  preceding  pages  wo  have  been  able  to 
do  but  little  comparatively  towards  giving  the 
reader  even  a  taste  of  the  great  store  of  curious 
information  laid  up  by  Mr.  Jesse  in  the  volumes 
before  us.  They  suffer,  undoubtedly,  as  the 
author  seems  to  have  felt,  by  the  very  imperfect 
manner  in  which  they  are  arranged  and  tacked 
together,  and  must  be  regarded  rather  as  a 
magazine  from  which  future  writers  may  draw 
much  valuable  material,  than  a  treatise  on  the 
British  dog.  Tiie  illustrations,  from  the  au- 
thor's own  pencil,  are  generally  of  a  more  or 
less  humorous  character.  Some  of  them  are 
good,  others  very  indifferent. 


Art.  VIT.  Our  Nortu-Facific  Colonies. 

1.  Vancouver  Island  and  British  Columliia. 
Where  they  are;  What  they  are;  and 
What  they  ma^  become.     By  Alkxander 

Rattkay,  M.D.,  Pi.N.      Smith,  Elder  &  Co. 
18(52. 

2.  British  Cohimhia  and  Vancouver  Island. 
By  D.  G.  F.  MacDonald,  C.E.,  F.R.G.S., 
&c.     Longmans.     1803. 

3.  Travels  in  British  Columbia.,  with  the 
BescrijJtionqfa  Yacht  Voyage  round  Van- 
couver Island.  By  Capt.  C.  E.  Barkett- 
Lennard.     Iluvst  and  Blackett.     1802. 

4.  Four  Years  ill  British  Columbia  and  Van- 
couver Island.  By  Commander  R.  C. 
Mayne,  R.N.,  F.R.G.S.  John  Murray.  1802. 

5.  Facts  and  Figures  relating  to  Vancouver 
Island  and  British  Columbia.  By  J. 
Despard  Pembekton,  Surveyor  General, 
Y.\.     Longmans.     1800. 

6.  Vancouver  Island  and  British  Columbia. 
Their  History,  Resources,  and  Prospects. 
By  Mattuew  Macfie,  F.R.G.S.  Longmans. 
1865. 


7.  Prize  Essay. —  Vancouver  Island.  Its  Re- 
sources and.  Capabilities  as  a  Colony.  By 
CuAKLEs  Forbes,  Esq.,  M.D.,  R.N.  Pub- 
lished by  the  Colonial  Government.   1802. 

8.  British  Columbia.  An  Essay.  By  Rev. 
R.  C.  LuNDiN  Brown,  M.A.  New  West- 
minster.    1803. 

9.  Blue  Booha  relating  to  Vancouver  Island 
and  British  Columbia,  Parts  L,  IL,  IIL, 
IV.     1800-04.  ^ 

10.  "  British  Colonist,''''  and  "  Victoria  Chro- 
nicle:'    185S--06. 


Vancouver  Island  and  British  Columbia,  till 
within  the  last  eight  years,  were  regarded  by 
the  mass  of  Englishmen  as  a  terra  incognita, 
embracing  a  region  of  the  globe  wretchedly  in- 
hospitable and  ho'iclessly  given  over  to  sangui- 
nary encounters  between  savages  and  beasts  of 
prey,  having  no  claim  to  be  improved  by  in- 
c  ustry,  or  visited  with  the  benefits  of  civiliza- 
lion.  Considering  the  difficulty  of  access  to 
these  colonies,  compared  with  our  thriving 
dependencies  in  the  South  Pacific,  the  very 
limited  knowledge  possessed  in  this  country  of 
their  topography  and  resources,  and  the  con- 
flicting statements  that  have  appeared  in  books 
and  newspapers  respecting  their  adaptability 
for  commercial,  mining,  and  agricultural  enter- 
prise, it  is  not  surprising  that  the  most  diligent 
efforts  to  reach  a  satisfactory  conclusion  as  to 
their  condition  and  prospects  should  have  often 
ended  in  perplexity  and  disappointment.  Lucky 
emigrants  who  make  "rich  strikes,"  looking  at 
their  adopted  homo  wholly  through  the  sun- 
shine of  their  prosperity,  extol  it  as  an  Elysium. 
The  unsuccessfVil,  on  the  other  hand,  wincing 
under  "  the  stings  and  arrows  of  outrageous 
fortune,"  rush  into  print  to  cool  their  indigna- 
tion, and  execrate  the  country  as  a  Sahara. 
The  facts  now  to  be  submitted  may  possibly 
help  to  unravel  this  tangled  skein  of  contradic- 
tions, and  show  the  truth  to  be  midway  be- 
tween the  opposite  exaggerations  referred  to. 

Vancouver  Island  is  situated  in  the  latitude 
of  Great  Britain,  and  sustains  to  the  Continent 
of  North  America,  in  the  Pacific,  a  geographical 
relation  similar  to  that  which  the  parent  coun- 
try sustains  to  the  Continent  of  Europe  in  the 
Atlantic.  It  is  240  miles  long,  by  from  40  to 
70  broad.  Entering  the  Straits  of  Fuca,  on  a 
clear  day  the  spectacle  is  peculiarly  lovely. 
The  Olympian  range  of  mountains  in  Washing- 
ton territory  lift  their  rugged  summits,  capped 
with  eternal  snows;  and  beyond  the  rocky 
shore  of  the  island,  there  stretches  a  mountain 
chain  in  a  north-easterly  direction,  serving  as  a 
backbone  to  this  colony.  These  heights  are 
covered  with  thick  vegetation,  and  the  surface 
of  the  country  is  generally  of  an  undulating 
character,  containing  lakes,  rivers,  inlets,  for- 
ests, and  prairies,  in  every  variety.  Masses  of 
metaniorphic,  trappean,  and  sandstone  rocks, 
fringed  with  lofty  pines,  crop  out  along  the 
coast,  and  often  in  the  interior.  The  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  between  Vancouver  and  the  mainland, 
is  studded  with  islands  from  the  size  of  a 
flower-pot  upwards,  presenting  a  scene  rivalling 


163342 


200 


Our  North- Pacific  Colofiies. 


1 

I 


October, 


in  benutv  the  celebrated  "  lake  of  a  thousand 
ishmds,'''  near  the  entrance  of  Lake  Ontario. 

The  coast  lino  of  British  Columbia  measures 
450  nrles,  and  the  breadth  of  that  colony  is 
from  iiOd  to  400  miles,  or  about  the  si/e  of 
France.  liike  the  sister  colony,  its  seaboard  is 
broken  up  l>y  numerous  inlets  of  great  extent. 
The  geology  and  physical  geograpliy  of  Uritish 
Cohunbia  derive  their  character  primarily  from 
the  i)rescnce  of  the  Kocky  Mountains.  This 
great  chain,  running  from  north-west  to  south- 
east, forms  the  a.xis  of  elevation  of  the  Western 
Coast  of  America.  It  is  of  volcanic  formation, 
and  is  subject  to  eruptive  forces,  to  which  the 
craters  of  three  neighbouring  volcanoes  answer 
as  safety-valves,  (iranitic  and  trajipean  ridges 
extend  in  different  directions,  and  terminate  in 
peaks  varying  from  1000  to  10,000  feet  high, 
timbered  half  way  up  to  their  tops.  Some  of  the 
mining  regions  form  spurs  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  are  generally  so  strangely  contorted 
and  erupted,  as  to  be  represented  as  a  tumbled 
sea  of  mountains. 

The  insular  position  of  Vancouver  Island, 
and  the  China  current  (which  exerts  an  influ- 
ence corresponding  to  tlie  Gulf  Stream  in  the 
Atlantic),  with  other  causes,  combine  to  secure 
for  it  a  cliinati.  singularly  equable  and  exempt 
from  the  more  rigorous  extremes  to  which  Brit- 
ish Columbia  is  sul)ject.  From  Octo))er  to 
JIarch  frequent  rains  fall  in  the  island,  alterna- 
ting with  lengthened  intervals  of  bright  dry 
weather.  Showers  are  rare  during  sunnner, 
and  wlien  they  do  fall  are  obliging  enough  to 
come  at  night,  when  no  one  is  inconvenienced 
by  their  descent.  But  the  limited  fall  of  ruin 
in  this  season  is  abundantly  compensated  by 
heavy  dews,  which  cause  the  warmest  days  to 
be  followed  by  cool  nights. 

The  growth  of  vegetation  is  rapid,  and  reaches 
its  aftinial  maturity  at  the  end  of  June.  There 
is  no  naval  station  at  which  the  crews  of  her 
Jlajcsty's  ships  are  so  little  liable  to  disease 
from  circumstances  of  climate,  and  none  wlierc 
mortality  is  so  light,  as  Esqnimault  in  Van- 
couver Island.  British  Columbia  presents  every 
shade  and  variety  of  temperature.  Certain 
belts  of  country  are  warm  and  dry,  while 
others  are  moist;  the  character  of  the  climate, 
in  fact,  being  much  determined  by  altitude. 

Previous  to  18o8  these  colonies  were  held 
by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Companj',  under  lease 
from  the  Crown  ;  and  the  white  iidiabitants,  a 
few  hundred  in  number,  were  chiefly  employed 
by  the  Company  in  fur-trapping,  or  stationed  at 
tne  Indian  trading  po,sts.  For  a  dozen  years 
extensive  and  valuable  coal  beds  in  the  island 
had  been  worked  by  the  company ;  vast  for- 
ests of  timber  had  been  discovered ;  some  of 
the  baser  metals  were  also  known  to  exist ; 
and  in  addition  to  these  elements  of  wealth  the 
capacious  harbours  of  Victoria  and  Esqnimault, 
in  the  south  of  the  island,  foreshadowed  a 
bright  commercial  future  for  the  colony.  But 
for  the  discovery  of  gold,  however,  Vancouver 
Island  might  have  "  dragged  its  slow  length 
along"  at  an  imperceptible  rate  for  many  years. 
In  1857  a  party  of  Canadians,  impelled  by 
vague  rumours  as  to  the  existence  of  gold  in 
British  Columbia,  started  from  Fort  Colvillc, 


near  the  American  boundary  ;  and,  "  prospect- 
ing" on  the  banks  of  the  Thompson  and  Bonn- 
l)arte  rivers  on  their  way  to  the  Fraser,  were 
sufliciendy  encouraged  in  this  experiment  to 
devote  themselves  to  the  occupation  of  "dig- 
ging." Intelligence  of  their  success  soon 
spread  through  Washington  territory  and  Cali- 
fornia; and  between  March  and  June  in  1H.j8 
steamers  from  San  Francisco,  crowded  with 
gold-seekers,  arrived  every  two  or  three  days 
at  A'^ictoria.  This  place,  tiU  then  a  quiet  ham- 
let whose  shipping  had  comprised  only  Indian 
canoes  and  the  annu.al  arrival  of  the  Company's 
ship  from  England,  was  instantly  converted  by 
the  golden  spell  into  a  scene  of  bustle  and  ex- 
citement. In  the  brief  space  of  four  months 
20,000  adventurers  jjonred  into  the  harl)Our. 
The  easy-going  i)rimitive  settlers  were  over- 
whelmed by  this  invasion  of  foreigners.  Indi- 
viduals of  every  trade  and  profession  in  the 
neighbouring  American  States,  imder  the  in- 
i  fiuence  of  what  was  called  "the  yellow  fever," 
threw  up  their  employments  and  in  many  cases 
sold  tlieir  ])roperty  at  an  immense  sacrillce, 
and  repaired  to  the  new  Dorado.  This  motley 
throng  included  those  scouts  of  civilization, 
gamblers,  "loafers,"  thieves,  and  ruilians,  with 
others  of  a  more  respectable  stamp.  The  rich 
came  to  speculate,  and  the  poor  in  the  hope  of 
vaulting  into  sudden  wealth.  Every  sort  of 
property  in  California  fell  to  a  degree  that 
threatened  the  ruin  of  the  State.  Tiie  limited 
stock  of  provisions  in  Victoria  was  speedily 
exhausted.  Twice  the  bakers  ran  short  of 
bread.  Iininnierable  tents  covered  the  locality 
in  and  around  the  town,  far  as  the  eye  could 
reach.  The  sound  of  hauuncr  and  axe  was 
heard  everywhere.  Shops,  stores,  and  "shan- 
ties," to  the  number  of  225,  sprang  up  in  six 
weeks.  Investment  in  town  allotments  attained 
an  extravagant  pitch.  The  land  office  was  be- 
sieged, often  before  sunrise,  bj-^  the  multitude 
eager  to  buy  building  land  ;  and  the  demand  so 
increased  that  sales  had  to  be  suspended  in  or- 
der to  allow  the  Government  surveyor  time  to 
measure  off  new  divisions  of  land.  Allotments 
bought  at  from  10/. 'to  15?.,  were  re-sold  within 
a  month  at  sums  varying  from  300/.  to  000/. ; 
and  sections  twenty  feet  by  sixty  in  the  central 
thoroughfare,  fetelicd  a  rental  of  from  50/.  to 
100/.  per  month.  The  majority,  consisting  of 
Micawbers,  brokers,  merchants,  and  French 
cooks,  finding  that  they  were  yet  some  hun- 
dreds of  miles  from  the  "diggings,"  remained 
in  Victoria,  anxiously  watching  the  turn  of  the 
real  estate  market,  which  was  the  barometer  of 
their  hope:J.  But  several  thousands,  undaunt- 
ed by  the  hardships  inevitable  to  crossing  the 
Gulf  and  a.scending  the  river,  proceeded  to  the 
source  of  the  gold.  The  difficulties  to  be  sur- 
mounted in  extracting  gold  from  the  "  benches" 
and  "  bars"  of  the  river  never  entered  into  the 
calculations  of  the  unheroic  spirits  that  tarried  at 
the  scene  of  land  speculation ;  and  as  shipments 
did  not  come  down  fast  enough  to  satisfy  their 
wishes,  most  of  them  shook  the  dust  off  their 
feet  on  the  country,  heaped  curses  on  every- 
thing English,  and  placed  the  reported  discov- 
ery of  gold  in  the  same  category  with  the. 
"  South  Sea  bubble."    A  check  was  thus  given 


Ei^igR9B9BC 


October, 


1 

I 


1 


1808. 


,  "  prospcct- 
m  and  15oiin- 
Fraser,  were 
cperinicnt  to 
ion  of  "(lij:;- 
iiccess  soon 
ory  and  Cnli- 
]nne  in  1H58 
rowdud  with 
IV  three  days 

a  (luiet  liam- 
il  only  Indian 
[icCon\pany'3 

converted  by 
jUHtlc  and  cx- 
■  four  months 

tlie  harhour. 
rs  were  ovcr- 
ligners.  Indi- 
fcssion  in  the 
under  the  in- 
yellow  fever," 

in  many  cases 

icnsc  sacrifice, 

This  motley 

of  civilization, 

I  ruiTians,  with 
imp.     The  rich 

in  the  hope  of 

Every  sort  of 

a  de,t;ree   that 

;.     The  limited 

a  was  speedily 

i   ran   short   of 

."red  the  locality     ^ 

the  eye  could    | 

r  and   axe  was 

res,  and  "shan- 

prang  up  in  six 

)tments  attained 

d  office  was  be- 

f  the  nuiltitudo 

II  the  demand  so 
suspended  in  or- 
urveyor  time  to 
id.  Allotments 
•c  re-sold  within 
.  300/.  to  OOOZ. ; 
ty  in  the  central 

of  from  50Z.  to 
ty,  consisting  of 
ts,   and   French 
yet  some  hun- 
;ings,"  remained 
T  the  turn  of  the 
the  barometer  of 
,sands,  undaunt- 
^  to  crossing  the 
proceeded  to  the 
ulties  to  be  sur- 
;n  the  "  benches" 
entered  into  the 
its  that  tarried  at 
ind  as  shipments 
;i  to  satisfy  their 
lie  dust  off  their 
;urses  on  every- 
reported  djscov- 
tegory  with  the 
!k  was  thus  given 


Our  North-PacifiG  Colonies. 


201 


to  immiuiration,  and  a  reaction  in  the  price  o( 
land  followed.  ]}nt  hundreds  of  indomitahU- 
fellows,  soberly  viewing  as  unavoidable  the 
hindrances  incident  to  locomotion  in  a  wilder- 
ness previously  untrodden  for  the  most  part  by 
white  men,  pushed  their  way  into  the  interior 
of  Ihitish  Columbia,  animated  by  the  expecta- 
tion of  their  toils  being  ere  long  amply  reward- 
ed. Not  a  few  were  obliged  to  creep  for  many 
miles  through  underwood  and  thicket,  with  a 
bag  of  Hour  on  their  backs  ;  struggle  by  turns 
under  and  over  huge  trunks  of  fallen  trees, 
scramble  up  precipices,  slide  down  masses  of 
projecting  rock,  and  wade  up  to  the  waist  in 
swamps.  For  weeks  together  some  did  not 
taste  Hour  or  salt,  but  had  to  appease  hunger 
with  a  meal  of  honso  flesh,  salmon,  or  wild 
berries. 

At  length  ocular  demonstration  of  the  rich- 
ness of  the  mines  appeared  in  the  arrival  of 
considerable  quantities  of  gold-dust.  In  spite 
of  the  fearful  difficulties  that  resisted  mining 
progress,  the  yield  during  the  first  six  months 
was  much  larger  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  hniulu  at  worh,  than  it  had  been  in  the 
same  time  and  at  a  similar  stage  of  develop- 
ment, in  California  and  Australia.  The  gold 
product  of  California  in  the  first  six  months  of 
mining  operations  in  1849  was -10,000?.  All  the 
gold  brought  to  Melbourne  in  1851  amounted  in 
value  to  about  333,290?.,  while  the  mines  of 
New  South  Wales  gave  for  the  first  six  months 
of  their  existence  about  144,000?.  But  \nfour 
months,  from  the  end  of  June,  1858,  when  the 
mines  of  British  Columbia  were  opened  by  a 
more  handful  of  actually  working  miners,  to 
the  end  of  t)ctober,  the  value  realized  in  gold 
was  141,000?.  Yot  this  was  taken  almost  en- 
tirely from  the  beds  of  a  few  rivers.  Other 
parts  of  the  country  have  since  been  success- 
fully explored,  the  richest  districts  being  Cari- 
boo in  the  north,  and  Similkameen,  Kootanie^ 
and  Big  Bend  in  the  south.  A  space  eighty 
feet  square,  in  the  first  named  of  these  districts, 
yielded  in  a  few  months  24,000?.  From  a 
second  "  claim  "  1300?.  was  extracted  in  a  day. 
Several  partners  in  a  third  netted  1400?.  to 
their  individual  share  in  less  than  half  a  year. 
In  another  instance — exceptional,  of  course — 
103  lbs.  of  gold  was  taken  from  a  mine  in  a 
day.  Between  October,  1802,  and  January, 
1 1863,  three  claims  previously  "  improspected  " 

yieided  00,000?.,  eiich  claim  measuring  100 
I  square  feet.  The  gross  yield  of  gold  in  the 
[country  for  1804  to  two  or  three  thousand  min- 
,  working  with   the  rudest  appliances,   is 

jiven  at  about  500,000?. 
A  vast  concourse  of  miners  has  flocked  this 


California ;  and  by  an  effective  application  of 
capital  and  labor,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent 
this  part  of  our  colonial  empire  becoming  one 
of  the  most  profitable  fields  for  mining  enter- 
prise in  the  world.  The  population  hitherto 
has  been  so  sparse  and  migratory,  that  the 
country  remains  comparatively  unexplored. 
But  each  successive  year  brings  to  light  dis- 
coveries of  the  precious  metal  offering  induce- 
ments for  placer  or  surface  diggings  that  can- 
not be  surpassed  in  the  northern  or  southern 
hemisphere ;  and  when  the  colony  is  ripe  for  the 
introduction  of  machinery  for  quartz-crushing, 
steady  and  remunerative  employment  may  bo 
afforded  to  scores  of  thousands. 

As  many  of  our  readers  may  be  unac- 
quainted with  the  process  of  mining  adopted 
in  the  North  Pacific,  the  principal  methods  in 
use  will  now  be  rapidly  sketched  for  their  in- 
formation. The  metallic  sand,  which  contains 
the  gold,  is  first  sought ;  and  the  peculiar 
quality  of  earth  in  which  the  amalgam  is  found 
is  known  as  the  "  colour."  While  engaged  in 
the  pursuit  of  this  indication  of  the  presence  of 
gold,  the  miner  is  "  prospecting."  The  requi- 
sites for  this  task  are  a  "pan,"  and  some  quick- 
silver. When  the  miner  comes  to  a  spot  on 
the  '  lank  of  a  river  which  he  thinks  to  bo  auri- 
feroi  s,  he  proceeds  to  test  the  value  of  the 
"dirt"  in  the  following  manner: — Having 
filled  the  pan  with  earth,  he  gently  dips  it  in 
the  stream,  and  by  the  assistance  of  a  rotary 
motion  which  he  gives  to  its  contents,  loosened 
by  the  introduction  of  water,  the  black  sand, 
with  pebbles,  is  precipitated  to  the  bottom, 
ffhe  lighter  earth  is  allowed  to  pass  over  the 
edge  of  the  pan,  and  after  all  has  been  removed 
except  the  sand  and  any  specks  of  gold  that 
may  be  in  combination  with  it,  the  pan  is 
placed  by  a  fire,  or  in  the  sun,  to  dry ;  the 
lighter  particles  of  sand  are  then  blown  away, 
and  if  the  gold  bo  very  fine,  it  is  amalgamated 
with  quicksilver.  By  thus  ascertaining  the 
value  of  the  remaining  particles  of  gold-dust, 
skilful  "  prospectors  "  conclude  whether  the 
groimd  would  jiity  to  work.  In  this  rough 
method  of  searching  for  gold,  the  superior 
specific  gravity  of  that  metal  over  every  other, 
except  platinum,  is  the  basis  of  operation — 
auriferous  particles  on  this  principle  settling 
at  the  bottom. 

The  readiest  and  most  primitive  contrivance 
for  washing  gold  is  the  "rocker,"  which  is 
still  used  by  Chinamen  and  a  few  white  men 
on  the  banks  of  the  Fraser.  The  "rocker"  is 
constructed  like  a  child's  cradle,  with  rockers 
underneath ;  this  box  is  3^  to  4  feet  long, 
about  2  feet  wide  and  H  feet  deep  ;    the  up- 


bear to  the  Big  Bend  "  diggings,"  where  fabu- 1  per  part,  and  one  end,  are  open,  and  the  sides 
|ous  returns  are  said  to  be  obtained.    Excellent  i  gradually  slope  towards  the  bottom  ;    at  the 


Is  to  the  auriferous    centres    have    been 
armed,  lines  of  steamers  have  been  established 

^n  the  great  lakes  of  the  interior,  and  the  lead- 
ig  towns  throughout  the   colony  have  been 

Connected  by  telegraph  with  the  United  States ; 

Ind  are  now,  by  the  Atlantic  cable,  in   com- 
lunication  with  England. 
The  gold-bearing  range  in  British  Columbia 

|s  a  continuation  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  which 

constitutes  the  chief  source  of  the  wealth  of 


head  is  a  section  closely  jointed,  with  a  sheet- 
iron  bottom,  perforated  so  as  to  admit  of  small 
stones  passing  through ;  along  the  bottom  of 
the  rocker,  "rilHes"  or  strips  of  wood  are  ar- 
ranged after  the  manner  of  a  Venetian  blind,  to 
arrest  the  gold.  This  apparatus  placed  on  the 
margin  of  a  river,  the  upper  box  is  fed  by  one 
miner  with  earth,  and  by  another  is  rocked  and 
supplied  with  water.  The  gold  and  pebbles 
passing  down  to  the  bottom,  the  water  carries 


202 


Our  North-Pacific  Colonies. 


October, 


away  the  latter  and  tho  riffles  detain  tlic  for- 
mer. In  case  tlic  gold  is  very  fine,  part  of 
a  blanket  iH  laid  along  the  under  box,  covered 
with  quirlvsilver,  to  attract  the  gold-dust. 
By  this  simple  agency  from  1/.  to  10/.  per 
day  and  upwards,  to  the  hnnd,  has  been  real- 
ised. In  a  rocker,  from  8  to  10  lbs.  of  quick- 
nilver  is  employed  daily  ;  but  after  the  gold 
lias  been  retorted  from  it,  the  sanie  (luicksilver 
may  bo  applied  several  times  over. 

'i'ho  next  method — and  one  which  prevails 
most  in  these  colonies — is  i^hiicitig.  This  mode 
of  mining  can  be  conducted  on  any  scale,  and 
in  connexion  with  tho  labour  of  an  indefinite 
number  of  men.  It  is  almost  invariably  found 
in  conjunction  with  a  system  of  "flumes,"  or 
wooden  aqueducts  of  various  extent,  running 
parallel  with  tho  claims  on  a  "  creek"  or  river. 
To  separate  the  earth  from  the  gold  that  is 
mixed  with  it,  it  is  necessary  that  each  sluice 
should  be  sujiplicd  with  a  fall  of  water,  and  if 
the  stream  contiguous  to  the  mine  run  on  too 
low  a  level  to  supply  this  want,  miners— as  has 
been  already  stated — are  often  compelled  to  go 
considerable  distances  in  quest  of  water  suffi- 
cient!}' elevated  to  afford  the  object  desired. 
Flumes  are  thus  brought  into  requisition,  and 
by  openings  made  in  that  side  of  them  opposite 
the  mine,  water  is  admitted  to  the  sluice,  which 
is  placed  at  such  an  angle  that  the  water  may 
have  force  enough  to  carr}'  off  the  earth  while 
leaving  the  gold  behind.  Sluice-boxes  arc  of 
various  sizes,  and  arc  fitted  closely  together, 
so  as  to  form  a  strongly-built  and  extended 
trough.  The  fall  of  the  water  in  the  sluice-box 
is  adjusted  to  allow  time  for  the  riffles  a.m\ 
quicksilver  to  arrest  the  gold  as  it  passes  ;  and 
the  supply  from  the  flume  is  regulated  by  a 
slide  in  the  opening  on  tho  side  of  it.  The 
bottom  of  each  sluice  -ally  intersected 

with  strips  of  wood,  an  tic  interstices  of 

this  grating  quicksilver  is  .^.icad,  to  intercept 
the  fine  gohl  in  its  descent,  nuggets  and  grains 
of  coarse  gold  being  caught  by  the  grating  it- 
self The  sluice  is  supported  upon  trestles,  so 
as  to  raise  or  lower  it  to  the  level  convenient 
for  shovelling  in  the  earth.  Several  miners 
throw  in  dirt  on  either  side,  and  others  assist 
in  loosening  the  heap  and  removing  large  stones, 
so  that  gold  may  be  easily  precipitated. 

"  Ground  sluicing"  is  now  a  very  general,  as 
it  is  a  very  effective  method  of  getting  at  tlic 
"  pay  dirt."  AVhen  a  section  of  tho  ancient 
bed  of  a  stream  was  alighted  upon  in  which  the 
presence  of  gold  is  indicated,  but  over  which 
a  layer  of  barren  earth  had  collected,  the  old 
plan  was  to  sink  a  perpendiculiir  shaft,  or  make 
an  opening  horizontally  from  the  present  river 
bank ;  but  now,  by  ground-sluicing,  a  strong 
jet  of  water  is  turned  upon  the  bank ;  the  top 
dirt  is  thus  removed,  and  with  the  help  of  picks 
and  shovels  the  old  channel  of  the  river  is  soon 
laid  bare.  The  force  of  the  water  carries  off 
the  dehria,  and  the  gold,  by  its  own  gravity, 
f^lls  close  to  the  hand  of  the  miner,  who  washes 
it  by  the  regular  methods.  Space  forbids  de- 
tails of  the  process  of  mining  b)'  tunnelling,  the 
Jiydranlic  principle,  and  quartz-milling. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  occupation  of  min- 
ing everywhere  is  a  lottery  in  which  blanks  are 


the  rule  and  prizcn  tho  exception  ;  and  it  is  not 
womlerful  that  so  many  pioneer  emigrants  in 
British  (^lunibia  and  Vancouver  Island — in 
some  instances  from  causes  that  might  have 
been  avoided,  but  more  freciuently  from  con- 
tingencies be)'on(l  their  control— have  been 
ruined  by  the  experiment.  But  in  addition  to 
the  testimony  of  several  among  the  writers 
whose  works  stand  at  the  head  of  this  article, 
we  have  the  personal  authority  of  the  most 
trustworth)'  and  skilful  Columbian  miners  in 
support  of  the  opinion,  thatif  steam-jjower  were 
introtl  iced  to  master  the  water  that  is  ever  ris- 
ing in  the  shafts,  the  yield  of  the  miner  would 
soon  bo  increased  twentyfold.  Many  jjlaces 
have  becii  examined  in  which  it  has  been  un- 
mistakeabiy  proved  that  immense  fortunes  are 
imbedded.  Yet,  after  toiling  season  by  season, 
and  spending  their  all  in  attempts  to  reach  tho 
be<l-rock,  or  having  reached  it  to  take  out  gold, 
many  companies  of  miners  have  been  compelled 
to  beat  a  retreat  before  this  hostile  element, 
which  their  imperfect  machinery  is  inadequate 
to  subdue.  There  is  not  enough  capital  in  the 
colonj'  at  present  to  cope  with  this  difficulty, 
and  Ihitish  capitalists  have  not  a  sufficiently 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  resources  of  the 
country  to  tempt  them  into  investments  at  so 
great  a  distance.  But  if  a  few  substantial  com- 
panies could  be  formed  in  England,  and  send 
out  steam  appliances,  under  the  direction  of 
-  'sponsible  managers,  we  have  no  hesitation  in 
Delieving  that  the  enterprise  would  be  found 
highly  profitable,  and  the  colony  receive  from 
it  an  impulse  that  would  start  it  in  a  career  of 
steady  and  hopeful  progress. 

Over-speculation  'n  land  and  trading  has 
brought  temporary  cominercial  distress  upon 
tho  port  of  Victoria  ;  but  its  commanding  geo- 
graphical position,  the  varied  and  exhaustless 
resources  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  its  con- 
venience for  receiving  and  distributing  European 
merchandize  to  foreign  countries  on  the  coast, 
and  its  proximity  to  the  naval  station  for  our 
Pacillc  Squadron,  combine  to  inspire  the  hope 
that  it  will  soon  emerge  from  the  cloud  that  at 
present  hangs  over  it.  All  who  have  had  op- 
portunities of  observing  tho  growth  of  trade  in 
the  great  Western  Ocean  are  agreed  that  com- 
mercial intercourse  must  eventually  be  devel- 
oped between  Asiatic  ports  and  those  of  North- 
West  America  as  extensive  as  that  Avhich  is 
now  carried  on  between  Europe  and  the  Atlantic 
States.  Exports  of  timber  and  flour  from  Ore- 
gon, California,  and  Vancouver  Island  to  Chinn, 
and  return  cargoes  of  tea,  rice,  silk,  and  pre- 
serves, are  rapidly  on  the  increase,  and  the  fol- 
lowing able  remarks  of  a  leading  American 
journal  illustrate  American  sentiment  in  regard 
to  the  prospects  of  Victoria  as  a  probable  rival 
of  San  Francisco  in  the  future  struggle  for  com- 
mercial supremacy  on  the  Pacific  shores  of 
America: — 

"  That  England  has  great  purposes  to  effect  in  this 
part  of  tho  world  is  no  doubt  true ;  that  she  has 
grand  prospects  on  foot,  looking  to  a  union  of  licr 
North-American  Colonies,  and  the  opening  of  a 
highway  from  ocean  to  ocean,  she  does  not  seek  to  \ 
disguise.  That  these  new  settlements  [Vancouver 
Island  and  British  Columbia]  are  yet  to  become 


\ 


com] 

inert 

deny 

hithc 

and 

pcop! 

turo. 

vent 

mate 

this  ({ 

to  im 

her  or 

capita 

cnco 

the  En 

Th( 

Pacifi 

lars. 

itants, 

— war 

j  tals,  s 

i  deuces 

is  well 

'       Besi 

;  quanti 

\  land,  h 

'I  a  new  ( 

cle,  cx] 

:  naimo  : 

tion.     ( 

;  in  both 

i      Ofth 

,i  oountrji 

\  Dough t, 

i  economi 

i  this  des 

i(  Internat 

I  for  som( 

j  often  a 

Itial  for  ! 

lunrivall 

supply!  I 

|Governii 

uilding, 

ihe  Paci 

.5,000,0 

The 
non  in 
md  at 
he  river 
ndians, 
atch  till 
^hich  is 
tick  ten 
e  rapii 
'  the  pi 
•unds  il 
■in  60o) 
irgeonf 
bushelf 
ight  ir 
that 
ded  w 
le  catcl 
id  with! 
the  n( 
mensol 
iction 
.tter  c(| 
jry  genj 
idles, 


9BSS 


I 


October, 


1806. 


Our  N'orth-Pacijic  Colonies. 


203 


competitors  for  the  trade  of  the  East,  if  not  tliocom- 
nicrciiil  Rupromacy  of  the  raciflc,  it  wore  useles^j  to 
deny.  Kntrnputs  nve  soon  to  spring  up  on  tlicse 
hitlierto  inidixturlicd  waters ;  there  will  bo  sliipyarda 
and  fislieriea,  and  to  these  lands  will  a  numerous 
people  go  to  dwell  and  to  mine  beyond  a  peradven- 
turo But  however  wo  may  regard  tlie  ad- 
vent of  England  upon  our  shores,  or  whatever  osti- 
mato  wo  may  sot  on  the  value  of  her  possessions  in 
this  quarter,  one  thing  is  certain — wo  have  now  got 
to  meet  her  on  this  side  the  globe  as  we  have  met 
her  on  the  other,  and  encountering  her  enterprise  and 
capital,  her  practical,  patient  industry,  and  persist- 
ence of  purpose,  dispute  with  her  for  the  trade  of 
the  East  and  the  empire  of  the  seas." 

Tho  imports  of  tlio  infant  "London  of  the 
Pacific"  for  18G5  amounted  to  3,00U,00(t  dol- 
lars.    It  already  numbers  five  thousand  inhab- 
itants, and  contains  many  substantial  buildings 
— warehouses,  shops,  hotels,  churches,  hospi- 
tals, schools,  public  ofiices,  and  private  resi- 
dences.    It  also  supports  two  daily  papers,  and 
is  well  supplied  with  gas  and  water. 
Besides  gold,  which  is  found  in  increasing 
\  quantities  in  the  island  as  well  as  on  the  inain- 
'  land,  large  coal  scams  arc  being  developed;  and 
i  a  new  company,  engaged  in  working  this  arti- 
■  cle,  exported  last  year  from  their  mines  at  Na- 
;  naimo  82,818  tons,  chiefly  for  foreign  consump- 
tion.    Copper,  silver,  lead,  and  other  ores  exist 
in  both  colonies  in  abundance. 
':      Of  the  many  varieties  of  wood  with  which  tho 
]  country  is  stocked,   the  Douglas  pine   {Ahics 
:  I)oiJ(/h(sU)  is  the  most  extensive  and  of  most 
i  economic  value.     Sections  cut  from  a  tree  of 
I  this  description,  30!)  feet  long,  were  sent  to  the 
i  International  Exhibition  of  1802.     The  bark 
j  for  some  distance  from  the  base  of  tho  trunk  is 
I  often  a  foot  thick.      In  all  the  qualities  essen- 
|tial  for  spars,  this  sort  of  timber  is  pronounced 
unrivalled.     Sawmills  have   been  erected  for 
isupplying  masts  to  the  dockyards  of  European 
iGovcrnments.      Planks  are  also  shipped  for 
uilding  purposes  to  countries  in  all  parts  of 
he  Pacific,  and  one  firm  exports  upwards  of 
5,000,000  feet  of  timber  annually. 
The  bays  and  streams  teem  with  fish — sal- 
on in  particular  being  incredibly  abundant, 
nd  at  certain  seasons  the  caflons  or  gorges  of 
ihe  rivers  are  densely  crowded  with  them.  The 
ndians,  who  live  chiefly  on  salmon  in  winter, 
tch  them  with  a  pole,  attached  to  the  end  of 
hich  is  a  cross  piece  of  wood ;  in  this  they 
ick  tenpcnny  nails,  and  harpoon  tho  fish  in 
e  rapids,  impaling  one  or  two  at  every  descent 
the  pole.     Trout  arc  found  from  four  to  six 
unds  in  weight,  and  sturgeon  which  often  at- 
in  500  lbs.  and  upwards.      Frotn  a  female 
rgeon,  killed  in  the  Eraser  a  few  years  since, 
bushel  of  caviare  was  taken.     Halibut  arc 
ght  in  large  numbers,  and  of  enormous  size, 

f^m,,,.!,,  .„.  t^'^t  ^  vessel  of  GOO  tons  may  sometimes  be 

Pacific"  shores  of  j^^<^'^  ^^'^^  them  in  forty-eight  hours'  fishing. 

■^  '  l^c  catching  of  cod,  too,  has  begun  in  earnest, 

"^A  with  great  success.  A  kind  of  smelt,  called 

the  natives  Jioolalan,  is  caught  by  them  in 

mcnsc  quantities,  and  utilized  for  the  pro- 

ction  of  oil.     From  the  degree  of  oleaginous 

iter  contained  in  the  hoolakan,  they  are  in 

|ry  general  use  among  the  Hydah  tribes  as 

^  dies,  being  lit  at  the  tail. 


and  it  is  not 
emigrants  in 
r    Island — in 
t  might  have 
ly  fron\  con- 
— have    been       . 
in  addition  to       ' 
;  the    writers 
if  this  article, 
■  of  the  most 
ian  minors  in 
m-power  wore 
:mt  is  ever  ris- 
e  miner  would 
Many  places 
;  has  been  un- 
;e  fortunes  arc 
ison  by  season, 
ts  to  reach  the 
.  take  out  gold, 
been  compelled 
ostilc  element, 
f  is  inadetiuate 
h  capital  in  the 
,  this  difflcultv, 
b  a  sulHcicntly 
sources   of  the 
vestments  at  so 
;ubstantial  com- 
rland,  and  send 
he  direction  of 
no  hesitation  in 
n-ould  bo  found 
ny  receive  from 
it  in  a  career  of 

nd  trading  has 
I  distress  upon 
)mmanding  gco- 
and  cxhaustless 
oundcd,  its  con- 
buting  European 
es  on  the  coast, 

station  for  our 
inspire  the  hope 
the  cloud  that  at 
-10  have  had  op- 
owth  of  trade  in 
a"-rccd  that  com- 
.tufdly  be  dcvcl- 
d  those  of  North- 
is  that  which  is 

and  the  Atlantic 
,1  flour  from  Orc- 
r  Island  to  China, 
^,  silk,  and  pre- 
case,  and  the  fol- 
cading  American 
ntiment  in  regard 
!  a  probable  rival 

struggle  for  com- 


:e. 


OSes  to  effect  in  this 

true;  that  she  has 

;  to  a  union  of  her 

'the  opening  of  a 

le  does  not  seek  to 

ements  [Vancouver 

are  yet  to  become 


The  country  cannot  bonst  tho  agricultural 
capabilities  of  the  Western  States  of  the  Union, 
though  tliore  are  broad  tracts  of  meadow  land 
in  every  direction  well  adapted  for  tlie  growth 
of  esculent  roots  and  cereals.  Turnips  have 
been  cultivated  weighing  20  lbs.,  cal)bagc9  15 
lbs.,  beetroots  11  lbs.,  and  potatoes  2i  lbs. 
each  ;  but  these  specimens  are  not  adduced  as 
showing  tho  urevdfff  productiveness  of  the  soil. 
Melons  of  prodigious  bulk  and  excellent  flavour 
grow  in  the  open  air,  and  apples,  pears,  &c., 
ripen  to  perfection.  Tho  superior  ipiality  of 
the  pasture  lands  in  British  Columbia  is  proved 
by  the  thriving  condition  of  the  sheep  and  cat- 
tle grazing  upon  them.  Farming  is  as  yet  fol- 
lowed to  so  small  an  extent  that  most  of  the 
produce  consumed  in  the  colonies  is  brought 
from  neighbouring  American  States,  and  aa 
prices  rule  high,  the  inducements  oflcred  to  tho 
settlement  of  hard-working  farmers  are  tempt- 
ing ;  1 00  acres  of  unoccupied  land  is  allowed  to 
each  to  I  id  Jul  0  settler,  and  when  tho  (iovern- 
ment  survey  shall  have  extended  to  the  portion 
selected,  jaymcnt  at  tho  low  rate  of  is.  2d.  per 
acre  is  called  for  in  four  yearly  instalments. 
Military  and  naval  officers  of  seven  years' 
standing  and  upwards  are  entitled  to  free  grants 
ranging  from  200  to  000  acres,  according  to 
their  rank  and  term  of  service. 

AVitliont  attempting  to  enumerate  all  the 
species  of  indigenous  wild  animals,  those  may 
be  named  which  are  of  special  interest  to  the 
sportsman.  Bears,  racoons,  martens,  minks, 
otters,  and  foxes  are  not  uncommon.  The 
puma  or  catamount  prowls  in  the  vicinity  of 
flocks,  is  exceedingly  destructive  to  sheep  and 
hogs,  and  is  more  than  a  miitch  for  any  other 
animal  in  North  America.  The  beaver  is 
trapped  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  The 
stag  and  elk  abound,  and  some  have  been  shot 
equal  to  a  small  horse  in  stature,  and  weighing 
000  lbs.  Deer  arc  found  in  large  numbers,  and 
generally  are  very  tame.  The  mountain  sheep 
is  known  close  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
when  full  grown  weighs  several  hundred 
pounds.  It  is  covered  with  long,  coarse,  woolly 
hair,  and  provid«d  with  enormous  crooked 
horns.* 

For  the  last  two  years  the  Government  of 
Vancouver  Island  and  British  Columbia  has 
been  administered  by  two  separate  bodies  of 
officials.  But  as  this  double  stafF  was  felt  by 
the  mass  of  the  settlers  to  be  out  of  proportion 
to  colonial  wants,  and  to  entail  a  more  burden- 
some taxation  than  was  agreeable,  they  me- 
morialized the  Crown  to  fVame  a  new  Con- 
stitution, and  unite  the  colonies  under  one 
Governor ;  and  the  passing  of  a  bill  in  accord- 
ance with  the  wishes  of  the  colonists  was  among 
the  first  acts  of  the  Derby  Cabinet.  These  de- 
pendencies are  not  yet  deemed  strong  enough 
to  be  entrusted  with  what  in  Canada  and  Aus- 
tralia is  technically  called  "  responsible  govern- 
ment." In  other  words,  there  is  no  ministry, 
tho  solo  minister  of  state  being  the  Governor. 
He  is  assisted  in  the  direction  of  public  affairs 


*  An  elaborate  work  on  the  natural  history  of 
these  colonies,  by  Mr.  Lord,  naturalist  to  the  late 
Boundary  Commission,  has  just  been  published. 


204 


Our  North- Pacific  Colonics, 


October, 


I 


by  n,  liCj^iHlativc  Council,  ono  hnlf  of  wbidi  is 
cloctivi;  mid  the  other  lialf  iioiniiinted  hy  Him- 
self (IS  her  Miijcsty's  rc]ire,-;eiitativc.  Iti.s  now 
rcsolv(Ml  tliat  N'ictoriii  slmll  reasc  to  be  a  po- 
litical centre,  and  that  New  Westminster,  near 
the  mouth  ol'  the  Fraser  Uiver,  shall  lienceforth 
1)C  the  seat  of  (iovorninent.  The  island  |)orts 
havo  np  to  the  present  hecn  fri'c  fi'om  nil  fis- 
cal restrictions,  the  revenue  of  Vancouver  heinj^ 
derived  from  a  tax  of  1  per  cent,  assessed  upon 
the  market  value  of  real  property,  and  a 
tradin);  license  levied  upon  the  principle  of 
a  slidini^  scale.  Tho  income  of  the  sister 
colony  depends  chiefly  on  nn  import  tariff  ; 
but  it  is  expected,  when  the  hasis  of  the  union 
about  to  take  effect  is  fully  adjusted,  that 
customs  duties  will  extend  to  Vancouver,  and 
become  equalized  in  both  colonies. 

Colonial  society  in  North-^Vest  America  is 
necessarily  of  a  mixed  description,  aiul  com- 
prises ri'presentatives  of  nearly  every  nation- 
ali'.y  under  heaven.  Wc  have  counted  up  at 
least  tliirty-flvo  crosses  in  different  degrees 
certain  to  residt  from  heterogeneous  luiions  of 
the  Caucasian,  Mongolian,  Indian,  Malaj',  and 
Negro  in  that  part  of  the  world.  What  will  be 
tlic  efl'oct  on  posterity  of  this  commingling  of 
races,  .so  varied  in  physiological,  psychological, 
moral,  religious,  and  political  aspects  ?  We 
know  that  circumstances  of  climate,  .scenery, 
race,  and  natural  production  determine  the 
specific  mould  in  which  the  thought  and  life  of 
peoples  ancient  and  modern  have  been  cast. 
What  then  will  be  tho  rcHulUuit  of  the  manifold 
and  une(|ual  forces  operating  in  the  formation 
of  distinctive  national  characteristics  on  the 
British  North  American  Coast  of  the  Pacific^ 
Does  the  presence  so  largely  of  inferior  races 
forbodc  the  tainting  of  the  young  nation' .s  blood, 
or  will  the  vitality  of  the  governing  race  triumph 
over  the  combination  with  which  more  primi- 
tive types  threaten  it?  This  inquiry  is  being 
hotly  pursued  by  ethnological  theorists  in  the 
North  Pacific.  There  are  45,000  Chinese  on 
these  shores,  and  their  numbers  arc  ever  in- 
creasing with  the  improvement  of  their  pros- 
pects. It  is  argued  by  many  that  to  tho  Cau- 
casian race  has  been  assignee!  intellectual  and 
moral  supremacy  over  the  rest  of  mankind ; 
that  in  proportion  as  inferior  races  in  consider- 
able numbers  mix  with  the  superior  race,  must 
its  degeneracy  be  hastened ;  that  as  under 
Ghcngis  Khan  and  his  successors  the  Kirghis 
and  Calmucs  from  the  North  of  China  were 
hurled  upon  Russia  in  the  twelfth  century,  so 
hordes  of  Asiatics,  attracted  by  the  gold  of 
California  and  British  Columbia,  may,  in  course 
of  time,  come  over  in  overpowering  numbers 
and  blast  these  new  lands,  not  with  war,  but 
with  the  physical  and  moral  deterioration  sup- 
posed to  be  attendant  on  their  commerce.  This 
apprehension — whether  founded  or  not— is 
shared  by  leading  minds  in  California,  and  the 
civil  disabilities  imposed  by  the  State  Legisla- 
ture some  years  ago  to  check  Chinese  immigra- 
gration,  arc  justified  by  them  in  consequence. 
It  is  the  same  dread  of  amalgamation  with  the 
negro  that  is  the  root  of  the  prejudice  against 
him.  It  is  maintained  that  by  intermarrying 
with  tho  descendants  of  Europeans  we  repro- 


duce otir  own  Caucasian  type,  while  by  Bano- 
tioning  matrimonial  alliances  with  the  other 
races  referred  to  wo  create  debased  hybrids  ; 
that  tho  primary  law  of  nature  is  self-preser- 
vation, and  that  such  protective  enactments  as 
have  been  adojitcdare  essential  to  the  well-be- 
ing of  the  country.  In  these  colonies,  however, 
the  coloured  races  arc  as  yet  eligible  with  white 
foreigners  for  naturalization  ;  but  even  on  tho 
hritish  side  of  tho  boundary  there  is  a  dispo- 
sition tc  look  coldly  on  the  inunigration  of 
"celestials."  It  must  be  acknowledged,  to  their 
credit,  that  on  tho  Nortb-Wcst  Coast  of  Ameri- 
ca an  unemployed  Ch.naman  is  seldom  to  bo 
seen,  ai.d  a  more  industrious  and  law-keeping 
class  does  not  reside  in  the  country,  notwith- 
standing that  in  their  domestic  and  social  ha- 
bits there  is  room  for  improvement,  esjiecially 
in  respect  to  cleanliness.  They  arc,  lor  tho 
most  part,  Cantonese  of  the  lower  order,  and 
imported  by  Chinese  Companies  established  on 
tho  coast.  San  Francisco  is  their  central  do- 
pot,  whence  they  arc  distributed  over  adjacent 
British  and  American  territory.  The  proper 
character  of  these  associations,  which  form  a 
marked  feature  of  Chinese  social  life  out  of 
their  own  country,  is  something  between  a  club 
and  a  heiicjit  society.  They  were  originally 
composed  of  persons  from  the  same  or  some 
ncigldjouring  district  in  a  given  province.  Mem- 
bership is  in  no  way  compulsory,  but  it  has  so 
many  advantages  that  there  are  not  a  thousand 
Chinamen  on  the  coast  who  are  not  connected 
with  one  or  other  of  these  companies.  They 
have  largo  houses  for  tho  reception  of  immi- 
grants, in  which  the  sick  and  indigent  find  tem- 
porary shelter  and  attendance,  with  the  means 
of  cooking.  But  those  without  funds  must 
procure  food  from  private  benevolence.  Agents 
arc  appointed  by  the  company  to  find  employ- 
ment for  new-comers,  whose  first  savings  arc 
religiously  sent  home  for  tho  support  of  needy 
relatives.  Nothing  seems  more  odd  to  a  p]uro- 
pcan  visiting  one  of  these  complex  establish- 
ments— which  include  a  theatre  and  a  temple — 
than  to  find  all  the  apparatus  of  a  Buddhist  ritual 
set  up  in  the  heart  of  a  Christian  community. 
.Vs  it  is  thought  discreditable  for  the  women  of 
China  to  leave  their  own  country,  it  may  rear 
dily  be  imagined  to  what  class  the  few  belong 
who  have  found  their  way  to  America.  Bonds 
arc  given  to  the  Government  of  China,  for  tho 
return,  dead  or  alive,  of  every  native  that  emi- 
grates from  the  "  Flowery  Land ;"  and  this  ob- 
ligation is  sacredly  kept.  After  death  the  corpse 
is  left  in  foreign  soil  till  considerably  wasted  by 
decomposition ;  it  is  then  oxhymed,  and  the 
flesh  separated.  When  a  large  number  of 
skeletons  have  accumulated,  each  of  them  is, 
we  believe,  duly  labelled  with  the  name  and 
address  of  the  deceased,  and  shipped  to  China, 
where  it  is  claimed  and  decently  buried. 

There  is  a  considerable  muster  of  negroes  in 
these  colonies,  who  sought  refuge  from  the  so- 
cial and  civil  oppression  to  which  they  were 
subjected  in  California,  before  the  rush  of  im- 
migration to  Fraser  River;  and  through  the 
advanced  value  of  the  property  they  bought  for 
a  trifle,  these  worthy  blacks  soon  took  rank 
among  the  wealthier  citizens.    Nor  did  they 


j 


■PWIPPHWSff 


Octobov,  IBCO. 


Our  North- Pdclfk  Colonies. 


205 


liilc  by  sanc- 
lli  tho  other 
4C(l  hybrids  j 
s  sell'-prcHcr- 
iiftctiiicntrt  as 
)  tho  wcU-bo- 
lius,  however, 
)lcwith  white 
even  on  tho 
ore  is  a  ilispo- 
iniii);ration  of 
'(l(;e(l,  to  their 
jast  of  Ameri- 
sehloin  to  bo 
il  law-lveci)in(i; 
ntry,  notwith- 
and  social  ha- 
ont,  esi)ecially 
f  are,  for  tho 
ver  order,  and 
established  on 
eir  central  do- 
l  over  adjacent 
.     The  proper 
which  form  a 
:ial  life  out  of 
between  a  club 
n-erc  originally 
same  or  some 
n'ovincc.  Mcm- 
y,  but  it  has  so 
not  a  thousand 
1  not  connected 
npanies.     They 
eption  of  immi- 
digent  fhid  tem- 
with  the  means 
lut  funds  must 
olence.    Agents 
to  find  employ- 
rst  savings  arc 
port  of  needy 
odd  to  a  P^uro- 
ilcx  cstablish- 
ind  a  temple- 
Buddhist  ritual 
an  community, 
nr  the  women  of 
i-y,  it  may  rea- 
the  few  belong 
merica.     Bonds 
China,  for  the 
native  that  omi- 
;"  and  this  ob- 
death  the  corpse 
rably  wasted  by 
iqmed,  and  the 
rgo  number  of 
ach  of  them  is, 
the  niimc  and 
lipped  to  China, 
y  Ijuried. 
er  of  negroes  in 
ige  from  the  so- 
hich  they  were 
the  rush  of  im- 
nd  through  the 
they  bought  for 
soon  took  rank 
Nor  did  they 


no;;lect  tlio  opportunity  nfTorded  l)y  their  sud- 
denly iinprovcil  circuinstanros  on   i!rili>li  soil 
.    of  tiUMiin;;;  up  tlieir  noses  at  tliu  Aniorican  ar- 
j    rivals,  wlio  n'i)resented  their  forniiT  oppressoi's ; 
nnil  lor  yc.irs  ii  succession  of  ./'/v/cr/«  occurred 
:    between '  the  wliites  and  tlie  nenriies  on  ([ues- 
tions  of  social  standing.     'I'iic  bidlc  of  Anieri- 
;   cans  would  only  consent  for  a  wliile  to  at   'ml 
the  saiiic!  place  of  worship  with  then\  on  condi- 
tion tliiit  tlie  inferior  race  should  be  c<mtined 
to  one  side  of  tiic  church  ;  and  the  presence  of 
even  one  person  of  colour  among  llie  whites  at 
•  tlie  theatre,  more  than  once  occasioned  scenes 
;  of  violence.     .\  negro's  signature  in  the  list  of 
";  subscribers  to  tlie  lU'st  literary  institute  brought 
j  the  movement  to  an  untimely  end  ;  and  one  or 

■  two  useful  societies  came  to  grief  from  a  simi- 
i  lar  cause.     The  weak  point  in  tlie  policy  of  the 

negroes  consisted  in  trying  to  e.xtort,  volenn  vo- 
htix,  from  the  whites,  sentiments  which  coer- 
cion wiis  seriously  calculated  to  repress,  ihit 
there  is  at  length  a  suspension,  and  we  trust  a 
cessation,  of  tiiis  social  strife. 

Several  of  the  books  on  Vancouver  Island 

and   Uritish   tJolumbia  treat  minutely  of  the 

,  aborigines,  who,  as  in  all  other  parts  of  Ame- 

■  rica  and  in  our  possessions  in  tho  South  Paci- 
'  fic,  would  seem  to  be  melting  away  at  the  ap- 

■  proach  of  civilization.  Stories  of  Indian  feasts, 
medicino  mysteries,  incantation,  courtship, 
marriage,  sepulture,  and   religious  traditions, 

:  have  often  been  told ;  and  to  those  familiar 
i  with  tho  manners  and  customs  of  other  native 
1  American  tribes,  there  will  not  be  found  in  the 
>  narratives  before  us  much  that  is  new.  Ca- 
:';  tholics  and  IVotestants  are  engaged  in  mission- 
;  ary  labours  among  them,  and  not  v\  liliout  soma 
■;  favoiu'able  result  upon  their  morals.  But  so 
;  absolute  is  tiic  physical,  social,  and  moral  deg- 
|radationof  tho  Indian,  that  after  very  many  years 
I  of  strict  religious  training  ho  is  readily  tempted 
|to  conform  to  tho  vices  of  tho  pioneer  whites; 
land  thus  th'i  hard  and  self-denying  toil  of  the 
Imissionary  is  soon  neutralized. 

i     "  The  rapid  diminiition  and  threatened  extinction 

if  the  primitive  inh.abitants  of  tho  American  conti- 

ent  and  the  ii^lands  of  the  Pacific,  is  a  fact  of  niel- 

ncholy  interest  to  the  Christian  philanthropist  and 

ho  man  of  scionee.  .  .  .  We  naturally  cling  to  the 

ope  that  bidin,  China,  and  Japan  will  form  a  splen- 

iii  exception  to  the  ravages  introduced  by  tlic  su- 

crior  races,  under  which  so  many  millions  of  abo- 

igines  have  elsewhere  been  effaced.  ...  So  limited 

the  extent,  however,  to  which  these  seats  of  bar- 

arism  liavc  been  occupied  by  the  whites,  that  we 

0  unable  as  yet  to  determine  whether  extensive 

ntact  between  them  and  the  original  inhabitants 

11  be  succeeded  by  tribal  dissolution,  as  in  the  in- 

;ances  previously  cited.  .  .  .  Past  events  bearing 

this  toi)ic  incline  me  to  the  impression  that  the 

anees  of  a  barbarous  people  surviving  the  usually 

ital  consequences  of  their  country  "being  largely  in- 

bitod  by  the  wliite  race  are  simply  in  proportion 

W  their  degree  of  intellectual  and   moral  vitality 

y  be  adequate  to   resist  the  demoralization  to 

ich  they  are  inevitably  exposed  on  their  first  con- 

it  with  white  society.     Shall  the  barbarous  tribes 

th  whom  we  are,  as  yet,  but  slightly  lu  comrnuni- 

,tion,  be  prepared  to  stand  t'.ie  momentous  tost 

en,  in  future  generations,  it  comes  to  be  severely 

plied  ?  .  .  .  The  empire  of  iho  Incas,  the  subjects 

Montezuma,  and  tho  felloT '-countrymen  of  Poca- 


linnias,  exhibitod  intellectual  mid  moral  (|iiulities 
ciiiiipiircd  with  which  llici-e  iil'  the  iiiiisl  fiiVdiiiiible 
.MVicnn  types  are  not  Wdvtliy  to  be  menlioncil.  Never- 
theless,  nt  the  np])eaiaiiei;  (if  the  advelitiiroiM  ex- 
plorers from  the  sliores  of  MuKipe  by  whom  thi'ir 
countries  were  severully  iliviided,  lliey  vanished  like 
a  dream.  Is  the  fear,  then,  iitteily  ^'round'ess  that 
under  similar  condiijons,  in  future  ages,  a  corre- 
sponding fate  may  overtake  the  negr<i  race  ?  For 
the  rhinese,  Hindoos,  and  .lapanese,  I  anticipate  a 
more  promising  desliiiy.  Del'eetive  as  are  their  re- 
spective systems  of  morality  and  religion,  still  Itrali- 
minism  and  lluddhism  both  contain  iiioial  precepts, 
and  Set  belong  their  votarii  s  patterns  of  virtue,  eal- 
ciliated  to  enkindle  pine  and  exaltcil  asp'.ialions." — 
.lAd'/Zc'.i  I'diii-iiiictr  J.ihdiil  and  JJrili.ih  Culninliiii, 
pp.  'iHT,  •I'.Xi,  Itll. 

A'ancouver  Island  being  a  sort  of  Fl/iin" 
T/iii/i;  is  an  inviting  retreat  for  iiuman  wail's 
and  strays  from  all  parts  ;  and  the  anecdotes 
that  might  be  told  characteristic  of  colonial  life 
would  till  a  volume,  immigrants  used  to  class 
distinctions  obtaining  in  oM  ])opulations  aro 
soon  nuulc  to  feel  how  completely  the  social 
pyramid  is  inverted.  Sons  of  admirals  and 
daughters  of  clergymen  are  sometimes  found 
struggling  with  hardshii),  while  men  only  versed 
in  the  art  of  wielding  the  butcher's  knife,  tho 
drayman's  whip,  or  tlio  blacksmith's  hammer, 
are  arrayed  in  soft  clothing  ;.iul  I'..;  siim])tii- 
ously.  One  example  of  social  trans')  ■  ition  is 
too  ludicrous  to  be  withheld.  A  gentleman  and 
his  servant  came  out  in  the  same  slip  together. 
The  hireling  having  quarrelled  witli  bis  master, 
resigned  his  situation,  and  obtained  employ- 
ment in  the  police  force.  The  first  tians- 
gressor  with  whom  ho  was  officially  brotight  in 
I  contact  in  liis  new  capacity  was  his  former 
master,  who  unfortunately  liappened  to  expose 
himself  to  tho  suspicion  of  being  "drunk  and 
disorderly."  Oxford  and  Cambridge  men,  ar- 
riving with  light  pockets,  are  obliged  to  turn 
"navvies"  for  a  living.  A  respectaldo  ex-mis- 
sionary to  tho  heathen  earned  his  bread  for  a 
while  as  cook  in  a  third-rate  eating-house,  and 
a  "valued  correspondent"  of  a  well  known 
English  monthly  also  earned  his  bread  by  ply- 
ing tho  culinary  art.  Clergymen  who  did  not 
emigrate  to  pursue  their  sacred  calling  turned 
"diggers  ;"  and  those  gentlemen  now  rejoice  in 
hiro'jnitos  considerably  less  euphonious  than 
their  family  names,  at  the  same  time  wearing  an 
exterior  that  might  bo  apt  to  startle  the  proprie- 
ties of  their  late  congregations. 

Religious  service  at  Cariboo  was  at  first  con- 
ducted in  a  bar-room,  which  was  also  a  billiard 
saloon.  At  one  end  of  this  long  apartment  the 
preacher  was  surrounded  by  a  group  of  rough, 
but  reverent  minors,  while,  close  by,  the  traffic 
of  the  bar  jingled  on  without  a  moniont's  inter- 
mission. At  the  opposite  end  of  the.  room  a 
band  of  desperadoes  hung  over  tho  gambling 
table,  staking  the  gains  df  tho  preceding  week. 
Sunday  was  set  apart  for  marketing  and  wash- 
ing up,  and  tho  tumultuous  scenes  around  tho 
tents  and  "  shanties  "  of  the  miners  on  that  day 
would  have  given  every  scope  for  the  unremit- 
ting application  of  Sabbatic  discipline  to  all  tho 
Free  Church  Presbyteries  in  Scotland.  Going 
to  Church  was  usually  spoken  of  as  "  the  re- 
ligious dodge,"  which  was  said  to  be  "  played 


m 


206 


T/ie  Forest  of  Fontainebkau. 


October, 


out."  The  slang  in  vogue  in  the  mining  dis- 
tricts is  as  expressive  as  it  is  original ;  "  guess- 
ing," and  "calculating"  are  exercises  of  per- 
petual occurrence.  If  one  has  the  best  of  a 
bargain,  he  is  said  to  have  got  "the  dead 
wood  "on  the  other  party  in  the  transaction. 
A  mean  and  greedy  man  is  "  on  the  make ;" 
whore  a  claitu  is  to  be  disposed  of,  the  propri- 
etor is  "  on  the  sell ;"  if  he  be  hard  up,  he  wants 
to  "  make  a  raise ;"  and  if  ho  be  tricky — look- 
ing two  ways  at  once — ho  is  "on  the  fence." 
A  conceited  man  thinks  himself  "  some  pump- 
kins," and  when  any  statement  is  made,  the 
truth  of  which  is  doubted,  it  is  a  "  taP  -story." 
When  a  "claim"  disappoints  the  hopes  of  the 
proprietors,  it  has  "  iiz/led  out."  Credit  is 
"jawbone,"  or  as  it  is  otherwise  expressed, 
"  shooting  off  the  face."  Deceit  in  business  is 
"  shananigan."  AV^hen  one  has  run  oft"  to  elude 
his  creditors,  he  has  "vamoosed  the  ranch." 
British  Columbia,  from  its  extremely  western 
position,  is  called  "  the  jumping  off  place." 
The  issue  that  seems  likely  to  arise  from  a 
given  course  of  events  is  "  sticking  out."  Two 
parties  playing  into  each  other's  hands  for  their 
mutual  advantage  are  "  log-rolling." 

It  may  1)0  imagined  that  in  a  country  where 
so  many  are  governed  by  impulse,  and  often 
rendered  desperate  by  losses  in  speculation, 
cases  of  highway  robbery  and  murder  should 
sometimes  occur.  But  the  proportion  of  crime 
at  present  is  decidedly  small,  considering  the 
character  and  number  of  the  population. 

In  this  brief  review  of  the  colonies  it  is  not  in- 
tended to  urge  at  so  early  a  period  of  their  ex- 
istence, the  indiscriminate  emigration  of  either 
capitalists  or  artizans.  Men  of  bold  heart  and 
strong  nerve  will  carve  their  way  anywhere, 
through  difficulties  that  might  appear  insur- 
mountable to  persons  less  distinguished  for 
stamiiKf.  But  those  destitute  of  indomitable 
energy  and  patience,  especially  if  their  ex- 
chequer be  limited,  are  counselled  to  seek  their 
fortune  in  an  older  and  less  exciting  sphere. 
But  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  country 
offers  powerful  inducements  to  farmers,  agricul- 
tural labourers,  and  female  servants.  Wages 
range  four  or  five  times  higher  than  in  England. 
Army  and  Navy  officers  and  other  gentlemen 
having  a  few  thousand  pounds  at  command, 
would  find  life  there  peculiarly  enjoyable.  In- 
terest at  the  rate  of  one  and  a  half  and  two 
per  cent.  p/;r  man  th  may  easily  be  obtained  for 
loans  on  fair  security.  Most  of  the  convenien- 
ces and  even  the  luxuries  of  the  parent  coun- 
try are  to  be  had  without  difficulty.  The 
climate  is  highly  invigorating,  especially  to  con- 
stitutions debilitated  by  residence  in  tropical 
latitudes ;  the  scenery  is  exceedingly  beautiful, 
and  there  is  no  lack  of  pleasant  society. 


Akt.  VIII. — The  Fouest  of  Fontainebleau. 

1.  Ij  Lidicnteur  de  Fontainehleau.  Visited n 
Paid  is  ct  de  la  Foret.  Par  C.  F.  Denecoukt. 
Fontainebleau. 


2.  IJIndicateur  ITistorlque  et  Descriptif  de 
Fontainebleau,  son  Palais,  sa  Foret,  el  set 
Environs,  Par  C.  F.  Denecoubt.  Fontaine- 
bleau. 

3.  Le  Palais  et  la  Foret  de  Fontainebleau. 
Guide  Historique  et  Descriptif,  auici  Wun 
apcr^u  d'llistoire  Naturelle  de  la  Foret.  Par 
C.  F.  Denecoukt.     Fontainebleau. 

4.  Compliment  des  Guides  de  Fontainebleau. 
Par  C.  F.  Denecoukt.     Fontainebleau. 

A.M0N0ST  the  minor  differences  between  the 
English  and  French  character,  none  is  better 
marked  than  the  way  in  which  each  shows  its 
love  of  Nature.  The  home-keeping  quality  of 
the  French  mind,  and  the  English  spirit  of  ad- 
venture, arc  amongst  the  great  distinctions  be- 
tween the  two  nations.  And  this  last  has  af- 
fected not  only  thejr  destinies,  but  the  destiny 
of  the  world.  The  results  of  English  coloni- 
zation are  everywhere  felt.  In  India  and  Aus- 
tralia, and  the  gigantic  Republic  of  the  West, 
English  habits  of  thought,  English  love  of  free- 
dom, English  speech,  are  dominant.  Of  this 
we  are  not  going  to  speak,  but  of  that  lovo 
of  scenery,  which  is  a  minor  form  of  that  spirit 
of  adventure.  No  two  people  travel  with  such 
different  ideas.  To  the  English,  travelling  is 
a  pastime,  to  the  French  a  labour.  An  Eng- 
lishwoman takes  a  portmanteau  with  her,  a 
Frenchwoman  a  wardrobe.  An  Englishwoman 
travels  to  see,  a  Frenchwoman  to  be  seen.  So 
with  the  men.  A  Frenchman  puts  on  his  best 
clothes  for  an  excursion  in  the  country,  an 
Englishman  his  worst.  With  the  former  the 
dress  makes  the  pedestrian.  And  a  Panama 
hat  on  the  head  is  supposed  to  add  strengtli 
to  the  feet. 

And  each,  too,  looks  on  nature  with  very 
different  eyes.  The  French  garden  and  the 
English  garden  well  represent  the  difference. 
A  pair  of  compasses  is  the  Frenchman's  gar- 
dener. By  the  help  of  the  shears  he  has  de- 
veloped a  series  of  cabbage-headed  shrubs,  and 
a  species  of  vegetable  mop.  Ho  shaves  the 
tops  of  his  poplars  as  ho  does  the  tails  of  his 
poodles.  He  clips  his  limes  into  arbours.  For 
a  pole  covered  with  flags  is  his  idea  of  a  tree. 
Everything,  too,  must  be  uniform.  And  so  ho 
puts  fig-leaves  on  nature  to  cover  such  inde- 
cencies as  rocks  and  thickets.  AV^hat  an  Eng- 
lish garden  is,  let  the  reader  turn  to  Milton's 
description  of  Paradise.     Here  is — 

"  not  nice  art 
In  beds  and  curious  knots,  but  Nature  boon 
Poured  forth  profuse  on  hill  and  dale  and  plain."! 

So  also  in  life.  Tho  Frenchwoman  prefers  thol 
smell  of  pustiles,  the  Englishwoman  tho  scent! 
of  fir-woods  after  rain.  The  Frenchman  loves! 
his  ice  in  the  cafe,  tho  Englishman  his  glacicrj 
on  the  Matterhorn. 

We  do  not  deny  that  there  are  great  oxcop| 
tions.  We  have  seen  people  in  England  stare 
at  a  fine  tree,  as  if  it  were  a  kind  of  wild  beast ' 
Englishmen,  too,  are  undoubtedly  selfish.  Ifl 
an  Englishman  had  an  echo  in  his  garden,  he| 
would  probably  wish  to  keep  it  all  to  himself;| 
but  a  Frenchman  would  certainly  want  tog 
bring  it  to  Paris.    Bo  tho  causes,   however/ 


Descrlptif  de 
.  Foret,  el  sei 
BT.    Fontaine- 

i^ontainehleau, 
tif,  suivi  (Vun 
ila  Foret.  Par 
Icau. 

Fontainebleau. 
lincbleau. 

3  between  the 
none  is  better 
each  shows  its 
jping  quality  of 
ish  spirit  of  ad- 
distinctions  be- 
his  last  has  af- 
but  the  destiny 
English  coloni- 
India  and  Aus- 
ic  of  the  West, 
lish  love  of  frec- 
[inant.     Of  this 
lit  of  that  lovo 
jrm  of  that  spirit 
travel  with  such 
sh,  travelling  is 
bour.     An  Eng- 
jau  with   her,  a 
n  Englishwoman 
I  to  be  seen.     So 
puts  on  his  best 
the  country,  an 
1  the  former  the 
And  a  Panama 
to  add  strengUi 

laturo  with  very 
garden  and  the 
t  the  difference, 
i'renchman's  gar- 
hears  he  has  de- 
adcd  shrubs,  and 

lie  shaves  the. 
Is  the  tails  of  his  1 
.to  arbours.  For ' 
lis  idea  of  a  tree. 

inri.  And  so  he  ] 
cover  such  indo-j 
What  an  Eng- 

turn  to  Milton's 


THE  ROMANCE  OF  MODERN  ENTERPRISE. 


♦» 


I  are  great  excop- 
J  in  England  stare 
lind  of  wild  beast  i 
Itedly  selfish.  If| 
In  his  garden,  Ul 
\  it  all  to  himself;| 
trtainly  want  tog 
causes,  however,| 


History  of  the  Atlantic  Telegraph. 

CBABLES   SCRIBNER  &  CO., 

664   BROADWAY,  NE-W-TORK.  '    , 

HAT!    JOSr    BKADT  : 

« 

The  Hlsfoiy  of  the  Athmtlc  Telegraph  from  the  bM^nnlngr)  1864;  to  the  emnple- 
tion^  Ang^t)  1866.  By  Hkn3t  M.  Fibld,  D.D.  With  UlustratiooB.  In  1  toL  12ino, 
870  pages.    Price,  $1.76. 

Tb«  author,  Rer.  Dr.  Held,  a  brother  of  Gyrus  W.  Held,  the  original  projector  of  the  Atlantlo  Telegraph,  hM  been 
fUnlllar  with  tne  euterpriie  from  the  Tcry  lieginiilDg,  and  has  had  acccai  to  all  official  docomento.  with  incb 
materials  at  his  command,  he  has  been  ennsed  on  this  history  fbr  more  than  a  year.  Out  of  this  mass  of  materials  he 
has  culled  his  fkcts  with  the  utmost  care,  oftlng  conflicting  statements,  and  leaving  aside  technical  terms  and  purely 
scientific  details,  and  weaving  the  whole  Into  a  clear  and  flowing  narrative.  The  result  is  embodied  In  these  pagea, 
making  a  story  that  has  all  the  elements  of  Interest  of  a  romance.  Indeed,  It  is  so  marrelous  that,  if  torUten  at  pun 
flcUon,  it  womd  be  rttfected  at  too  wildly  itnprodablt.  'Well  may  It  be  called  the  Bomanoe  of  Modem  Enterpnee,  a 
romance  In  which  the  most  daring  attempt  ever  made  by  man  liai  been  rewarded  by  the  most  brilliant  victor}-. 

M'earl7  Beady. 

IK    MARVEU'S    NEW    WORK. 

DB.  JOH^S ;  beinff  a  NarratlTe  of  certain  Events  in  the  Life  of  an  Orthodox  Con* 
grei^ational  Minister  of  Connecticut,  By  Donald  G.  Hitchkll,  author  of  "  Reveries  of 
a  Bachelor,"  "  Dream  Life,"  "  My  Farm  of  Edgewood,"  etc.,  etc.   In  2  vela.  12mo.    Price,  $3.00. 

Extract  from  Atil/tor^n  Prtface. 
My  chief  object  has  been  to  illustrate  the  phases  of  New-England  village-life,  twenty  to  forfar  years  ago.  Thie  I 
have  tried  to  do  faithfully,  and  have  sought  to  bring  the  religious  manifestations  into  higher  relief  by  introducing  a 
foreign  element  in  the  person  of  the  French  girl,  Adele.  It  is  quite  posslblu  that  my  pictures  may  seem  untrue  to  many 
who  have  had  equal  opportunities  of  observation ;  all  I  can  say  Is,  that  If  they  had  not  seemed  true  to  me,  I  should 
never  have  written  them. 

IVEAV      BOOKZS. 

LIFE  OF  BENJAMIN  SILLIMAN,  H.D.,  LL.D.)  Late  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Geology,  and 
Mineralogy  in  Yale  College,  Founder  and  Editor  of  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science  and  the 
Arts,"  etc.,  etc.  By  Geo.  P.  Fisher,  Professor  in  Yale  College.  2  volumes,  crown  8to,  with 
fine  portrait  and  other  illustrations.     Cloth,  |6. 

SECOND  TOLVME  OF  LANOE'S  COMMENTARY,  containing  MARK,  edit«d  by  Rev.  Dr.  W. 
G.  T.  BraDD,  and  LUKE,  edited  by  Rev.  Dr.  P.  Schaff  and  Rev.  C.  C.  Stakbuck.  1  vol.  royal 
octavo,  |6.  Also,  the  Sixth  Thousand  of  the  first  volume  of  this  work,  containing  MATTHEW, 
edited  by  Rev.  Dr.  P.  SoRArr. 

Two  New  Volumes  (S  cmi  6)  <if  J'rwidtU  Bngland. 

HISTOBT  OF  ENGLAND,  from  the  FaU  of  Wolsey  to  the  Death  of  Elizabeth.    By 

Jamks  a.  Fboude,  M.A.     From  the  fourth  London  edition.     In  crown  8vo,  8  vols.    Price,  fS 
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